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联合国常务副秘书长要求为可持续发展目标制定大胆政策和创新解决方案 2024-08-08 联合国常务副秘书长阿明纳-穆罕默德周一强调,国际社会必须立即做出必要的承诺和投资,以便在2030年最后期限之前实现可持续发展目标。 阿明纳-穆罕默德在2024年可持续发展高级别政治论坛开幕式上致辞时呼吁采取变革行动和大胆政策,以应对贫困、粮食不安全和气候变化等紧迫的全球挑战。她对聚集在纽约联合国总部的各国代表说:“尽管我们面临的最大挑战非常艰巨,但只要我们齐心协力,就能克服这些挑战,实现和平、繁荣和可持续的未来,这不仅是所有人的需要,也是他们应该得到的。” 2024年论坛在经济及社会理事会的主持下,今年论坛的主题是在一系列危机中通过可持续、有韧性和创新的解决方案消除贫困。论坛将于 7 月 17 日结束,届时将审查关于消除贫困、零饥饿、气候行动、和平与包容社会和加强实施手段各项目标的进展情况。在“自愿国家审查实验室”的日程表上,各国将自愿报告其在实现可持续发展目标方面取得的进展、面临的挑战以及克服挑战的计划。在高级别论坛期间,还将举办一些会外活动和展览。 重点讨论经社理事会主席葆拉·纳瓦埃斯也在论坛上发言,她强调了发展中国家,特别是受冲突影响地区所面临的挑战,强调了和平与稳定的必要性。 她表示,议程包括地方和区域行动、区域论坛的见解、重要的政府间讨论以及 37 个国家介绍其自愿国家审查报告。论坛的一般性辩论将连接去年可持续发展目标峰会和今年 9 月未来峰会的议题。纳瓦埃斯说:“这将是一个展示与监测2023年可持续发展目标峰会有关的变革行动和倡议的空间,同时也是一个分享对即将召开的未来峰会的优先事项和期望的空间。”她还强调了包容性参与的重要性,特别是青年和边缘化群体的参与,以及性别观点对于实现可持续发展的跨领域性质。 反思时刻阿明纳-穆罕默德强调了在人们热切期待的未来峰会上反思如何在实现 2030 年议程方面取得进展的重要性。她说:“这次首脑会议是一代人中仅有的一次机会,我们可以借此修补被削弱的信任,并证明国际合作--面对机遇和威胁时的人类团结--能够推动我们前进。”在此背景下,她提到了下周一将举行的关于加速实现可持续发展目标的特别活动,该活动将深入探讨所需的具体投资,并展示国家层面的行动范例。 寻找解决方案阿明纳-穆罕默德在发言中还强调了全球社会面临的多方面挑战,从贫困到气候变化,从战争到基于性别的暴力。 她强调说,可持续发展目标中只有不到五分之一步入正轨,这一发人深省的事实应该是我们所有人都无法接受的。她表示:“但这也是可以解决的......这就是本次论坛的意义所在--找到解决方案和政治意愿,将我们的言辞转化为行动,改善数十亿人的生活。” URL: https://news.un.org/zh/story/2024/07/1129801
联合国人权高专呼吁停止针对妇女和女童的“经济暴力” 2024-08-08 联合国人权事务高级专员蒂尔克周五在联合国人权理事会有关妇女权利的年度讨论的首场专题会议上表示,现在是消除导致妇女和女童遭受“经济暴力”的法律和做法的时候了。蒂尔克在开幕辞中表示,由于全球妇女运动的推动,保障妇女权利已经取得了 "非凡的进展"。但他指出,需要就基于性别的暴力问题召开单独的小组会议表明,这一进展 "来之不易且十分脆弱"。会议将重点放在所谓的经济暴力上,这是更广泛的性别暴力模式的一部分,指的是剥夺妇女或女童获得经济资源的机会作为一种虐待或控制形式。蒂尔克指出, 三分之一的妇女在其一生中至少曾遭受过某种形式的暴力,包括身体、性、心理或经济暴力。他说:“如果全球每三名男性中有一名受到如此毁灭性和普遍性的伤害,那么紧急峰会早就召开了。” 不为人知,不受监管蒂尔克表示,经济暴力往往不为人知或不受监管,但其危害性可能与身体暴力一样大,因为它通常包括各种形式的控制、剥削和破坏。他说:“虽然经济暴力最常发生在家中,但国家也可能通过限制妇女获得信贷、就业、社会保护或财产和土地权利的歧视性法律框架而助长和实施经济暴力。”蒂尔克宣布,迄今为止,全球在推动性别平等方面的努力未能取得成功。他指出,全世界有39亿妇女面临影响她们经济参与的法律障碍。例如,男性每赚取1美元,妇女只能赚取77美分,还有许多类似的不平等现象。 重新开始蒂尔克表示,有必要彻底修订歧视性法律和做法,以制止经济暴力的发生。他说:“需要通过涵盖生活各个领域的法律积极促进性别平等,还需要采取政策措施确保这些法律得以实施。”此外,他指出,需要加大力度,确保经济暴力的幸存者能够寻求正义和援助。蒂尔克说:“需要更好的投诉机制、经济和社会支持系统、更广泛的心理援助以及将施暴者绳之以法。”他强调,对妇女和女童的暴力行为是“令人憎恶和不可原谅的”。 来自民间社会的声音论坛期间,民间社会成员也对经济暴力造成的伤害发表了看法。非政府组织“立即平等”的高级法律顾问瓦韦鲁(Esther Waweru)表示,家庭中的不平等是经济暴力的主要原因之一,再加上 "倒退的父权制性别规范"。她说,全球14亿妇女生活在不承认经济暴力存在并且没有提供保护的国家,这种做法可能使更多的妇女和女童容易受到剥削。瓦韦鲁建议各会员国制定全面的法律,将性暴力、性别暴力以及亲密伴侣暴力,连同经济暴力一起定为刑事犯罪。她呼吁通过法律来“废除和撤销将丈夫定为家庭主导者的婚姻权力条款”,以确保“公平分享婚姻中产生的共同财产”和平等的劳动权利。 URL: https://news.un.org/zh/story/2024/06/1129631
联合国庆祝第20个国际不再恐惧同性恋、双性恋与跨性别日 2024-08-08 5月17日是第20个国际不再恐惧同性恋、双性恋与跨性别日。今年的主题是“不让任何一个人掉队:人人享有平等、自由和正义”。联合国秘书长古特雷斯表示,这一主题提醒着人们有义务尊重每一个人的人权和尊严,并呼吁建设一个人人享有尊重、尊严和人权的世界。古特雷斯在致辞中赞扬了男女同性恋、双性恋、跨性别者、性别奇异者和间性者等性少数群体的人权捍卫者,为争取禁止歧视和确保法律面前人人平等所做的无畏工作。截至2023年底,已有100多个国家采取积极措施,保障性少数群体的权利。35个联合国会员国的法律改革为同性伴侣带来了完全的婚姻平等。43个会员国禁止基于性取向、性别认同或性特征的歧视。 反思与担忧同时,古特雷斯也对一些事态的快速发展表示担忧。他指出,“新的法律正在将旧有的顽固偏执编纂起来,并且正在利用恐惧,煽动仇恨”。秘书长强调,同性关系刑罪化必须终止,所有针对性少数群体的暴力、歧视和有害做法同样必须终止。妇女署也在声明中指出,在许多国家内,针对性少数群体的迫害仍在继续,其程度令人震惊。多国出现了反同性恋趋势,并限制跨性别者的权利。在危机中,包括性少数群体在内的边缘化群体往往受到最严重的影响,但却无法及时获得援助。妇女署敦促所有利益攸关方团结一致,帮助推动实现人人平等、公正和自由的共同目标。 人权专家:消除基于性取向和性别认同的歧视周四,60多位联合国独立人权专家发表共同声明,表达了对性少数群体现状的担忧。专家们说:“对于世界各地的许多人来说,系统性歧视、暴力威胁或直接遭受暴力仍是一个严酷的现实,阻碍他们实现人权,包括发展权等。而性少数群体面临被任意杀害的风险更大,包括在一些国家被当局任意处决。”专家们指出,限制基本言论自由、和平集会和结社自由的法律和政策层出不穷,不容忍和偏见带来了更多的敌对言论。这些都限制了人们公开表达身份,助长了暴力和歧视行为不受惩罚的环境。专家们呼吁各国一视同仁地维护所有人的固有尊严,消除歧视和暴力的根源。他们说:“‘不让任何一个人掉队:人人享有平等、自由和正义’的主题提醒我们,包括工商企业在内的所有利益攸关方仍有许多工作要做,以确保结束基于性取向和性别认同而针对所有人的暴力和歧视。”特别报告员和工作组是人权理事会特别程序的一部分。特别程序是联合国人权系统中最大的独立专家机构,是人权理事会独立实况调查和监测机制的总称,负责处理具体国家的情况或世界各地的专题问题。特别程序专家在自愿的基础上工作。他们不是联合国工作人员,也不在联合国领取薪水。他们独立于任何政府或组织,以个人身份为联合国服务。 URL: https://news.un.org/zh/story/2024/05/1128726
Ocean protection: In Barcelona, Audrey Azoulay welcomes the “significant efforts” made by the international community 2024-06-01 Since the start of the UNESCO-led Ocean Decade in 2021, more than 500 projects have been launched in all regions of the world to improve knowledge and protection of the ocean. Bringing together the international community in Barcelona, Audrey Azoulay, Director-General of UNESCO, welcomed these significant efforts and called for this positive momentum to continue.Since 2021, much has been accomplished based on our three pillars: understanding, educating, protecting. More than 500 projects are being implemented in around 60 countries and more than a billion dollars has been mobilized. But there is still much that remains to be done. We must continue to invest in science, continue to educate, alert, raise awareness. Maximum mobilization is our only alternative to save the ocean. “Cities with the Ocean”: a new initiative to mobilize coastal cities and portsAt the conference, UNESCO and 13 cities1 announced the creation of the "Cities with the Ocean” platform, a new alliance between the Organization and coastal cities and ports, complementing the work already underway between UNESCO and its 194 Member States. With 75% of megacities around the world situated along the coast, their population is among the most affected by natural and human-caused ocean hazards – including tsunamis, ocean pollution, and the effects of climate disruption – yet they are also the first responders and best placed to implement decisions on a local level to deal with these issues.UNESCO will support these cities by developing programs suited to their needs, such as enhancing UNESCO’s Tsunami Ready Programme, training urban planners to anticipate the risks of coastal erosion, or collecting essential scientific data for tools developed by UNESCO such as Global Ocean Observing System. A first international coastal cities symposium will bring this network together in Qingdao, one of China's largest coastal cities, next year. This initiative will also be highlighted in Nice, as part of the discussions at the United Nations Ocean Conference, in June 2025. A new center of the Ocean Decade dedicated to the blue economy During his meeting with Audrey Azoulay on Wednesday morning, Barcelona Mayor Jaume Collboni presented the city’s candidacy to host a new collaborative center for the Ocean Decade, focusing its activity on the development of a sustainable blue economy. The Center will build on the investments and activities already underway in Barcelona to promote innovation and technology in relation to a sustainable blue economy. This sector already represents 4.3% of the city’s GDP and 1.4% of it’s employment. UNESCO will conduct a feasibility study by September 2024, with a view to opening the center before the end of the year. Since 2021, 12 collaborative centers have already been created under the auspices of UNESCO, enabling the coordination of research and protection actions set by the Ocean Decade. Understanding, educating and protectingUNESCO's priority is to advance scientific knowledge. Thanks to the Decade, vast amounts of data and knowledge have already been generated – on diverse issues ranging from ocean acidification and oxygenation, rising sea levels, to biodiversity and bathymetry. With the International Hydrographic Organization, UNESCO has already mapped 25% of the ocean floor in high resolution – compared to just 6% in 2017. It has also advanced the mapping of ocean species, through its Ocean Biodiversity Information System, compiling 126 million observations on more than 180,000 species. While less than one in two school curricula mentioned ocean protection in 2021, UNESCO is currently supporting 100 of its Member States to add environmental and ocean education to their curricula – and adapt teacher training accordingly. In parallel, UNESCO has trained nearly 200,000 young people and adults on ocean education. The Organization is leading a global ocean educational programme with Prada, involving more than 34,000 students in 56 countries this year.Through its global programs and networks, UNESCO also protects ecosystems. The Organization has listed 240 island and coastal biosphere reserves in 82 countries, as well as 50 marine World Heritage sites in 37 countries, protecting 21% of the world's blue carbon ecosystems – specifically the kelp forests, the mangroves, and the salt meadows that absorb carbon. URL:https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/ocean-protection-barcelona-audrey-azoulay-welcomes-significant-efforts-made-international-community
‘Investing in youth is investing in peace’, UN Security Council hears 2024-05-31 The UN’s top political and peacebuilding official on Wednesday emphasized the pivotal role of youth in shaping the future of societies, stressing the need to involve them in decision-making on issues ranging from conflict to climate change.“The potential and opportunity for renewal that young people represent means…that they must be part of the broader discussions shaping our societies,” UN Under-Secretary-General Rosemary DiCarlo told ambassadors in the Security Council.With youth constituting 55 per cent of the population in the southern and eastern Mediterranean, their voices cannot be ignored, she said.Reflecting on the 2011 demonstrations that swept across some Arab nations in the region, she highlighted that “youth were at the forefront of these movements, protesting disenfranchisement and the lack of economic opportunity and employment.”Ms. DiCarlo’s was briefing the Security Council debate on the theme, The role of young persons in addressing security challenges in the Mediterranean, convened by Malta in its capacity as the President of the 15-member Council for April. Disproportionate impactsDespite their resilience, young people face disproportionate impacts from conflicts and climate crises.The brutal 7 October 2023 attack on Israel by Hamas and the subsequent war in Gaza have taken a devastating toll, where 70 per cent of the enclave’s population is under 30 years old. Furthermore, all schools across the Strip are closed, impacting more than 625,000 students.The trauma, violence, and food insecurity resulting from such conflicts underscores the urgent need for peacebuilding efforts that prioritize youth involvement, Ms. DiCarlo said.“We have witnessed this spirit of innovation in our special political missions where we have increasingly deployed new technologies to organize digital consultations with youth,” she added, citing examples from Libya and Lebanon, where such dialogues helped provide better understanding of young people’s views and aspirations, and to reflect them in the UN’s work. Climate changeThe climate crisis further compounds the challenges faced by Mediterranean youth, Ms. DiCarlo continued, especially as the region is warming around 20 per cent faster than the global average.She underscored the importance of youth-led climate action, citing their active participation in international forums such as the annual Conference of the Parties (COP) meetings.“Young women are often at the forefront of these movements, advocating for a gender lens at all stages of policy and decision-making related to climate risks,” she said. Harness the potentialTo harness the potential of youth as positive agents of change, the senior UN official also called for increased investment and support from regional and multilateral organizations.“Investing in youth is investing in peace,” she stressed, urging greater interactions between Security Council members and young people.Concluding her remarks, she called on the Council “to continue to champion the youth, peace and security agenda, which is critical for the Mediterranean region and beyond.” URL:https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/04/1148671
Violations of women’s reproductive health rights trigger rise in preventable deaths 2024-04-30 African women are 130 times more likely to die due to pregnancy or childbirth complications than women in Europe and Northern America, the UN sexual and reproductive health agency (UNFPA) said in a new report published on Wednesday. Interwoven Lives, Threads of Hope: Ending inequalities in sexual and reproductive health and rights, reveals that more than half of all preventable maternal deaths occur in countries which are in a state of crisis or distress. It highlights the role that racism, sexism and other forms of discrimination play in blocking progress on sexual and reproductive health issues. Women and girls trapped in poverty are more likely to die prematurely due to lack of sufficient healthcare if they belong to minority groups or are trapped in a conflict setting, according to the findings. "For sexual and reproductive health issues, the sad truth is that rather than all hands on deck and working together, there's kind of a polarization dialogue, a divisive type of attitude, and in a way, a 'second class citizen' attitude for the rights of women and girls," UNFPA Executive Director Natalia Kanem said in an interview with UN News. Overall, there have been significant advances in sexual and reproductive health it became a global sustainable development priority three decades ago. “In the space of a generation, we have reduced the unintended pregnancy rate by nearly one fifth, lowered the maternal death rate by one third, and secured laws against domestic violence in more than 160 countries,” UNFPA Executive Director said, launching the report. Stalled progressBut progress is slowing down or stalled in several key areas. In a world where a quarter of women cannot say no to sex with their partner and nearly one in 10 have no say over contraception, 800 women die every day giving birth – a disturbing figure that has remained unchanged since 2016. Nearly 500 of those preventable deaths per day are happening in countries living through humanitarian crises and conflicts. “The world made zero progress in saving women from preventable deaths in pregnancy and childbirth,” said Ms. Kanem, adding that for the first time, data was collected on whether women's bodily autonomy is strengthening over time. In 40 per cent of countries where information is available, autonomy is weakening due to an inability to reach “those furthest behind”, she added. There is a clear disparity between the global North and South, West and East, when it comes to contraceptives, safe birth services, respectful maternity care, and other essential services, the report documents. Pockets of inequalityYet, even within those regions there are “pockets of inequality”, the report underscores. Women of African descent in the Americas face higher maternal mortality rates compared to white women, which is especially evident in the United States where it's three times the national average. Indigenous and ethnic minorities also face elevated risks related to pregnancy and childbirth. Within Europe, in Albania, for example, over 90 per cent of Roma women from the most marginalized socioeconomic groups had serious problems in accessing healthcare compared with only five per cent of ethnic Albanian women from the most privileged strata. Additionally, women with disabilities are up to ten times more likely to experience gender-based violence, and individuals of diverse sexual orientation and gender expression encounter significant violence and barriers to care. URL:https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/04/1148621
人权专家 : 巴基斯坦少数族裔年轻妇女在皈依宗教和婚姻问题上受到强迫 2024-04-16 几位联合国人权专家今天对巴基斯坦少数民族社区的年轻妇女和女孩在皈依宗教和婚姻方面受到强迫表示关注。 包括联合国当代形式奴隶制问题特别报告员、联合国贩运人口特别是贩运妇女和儿童问题特别报告员在内的人权专家们指出,来自基督教和印度教背景的女孩仍然特别容易受到强迫宗教皈依、绑架、贩卖、童婚、早婚和强迫婚姻、家庭奴役和性暴力的伤害。 他们强调,属于宗教少数群体的年轻妇女和女孩遭受这种令人发指的侵犯人权行为以及这种有罪不罚现象再也不能被容忍或是听任自圆其说的辩解。 法律保护专家们表示关切的是,强迫婚姻和来自宗教少数群体的女孩被迫改变宗教信仰的做法得到法院的认可,法院往往援引宗教法来证明将受害者留在绑架者那里而不允许他们将受害者送回父母身边是合理的。 专家们表示,肇事者经常逃脱责任,警察打着‘爱情婚姻’的幌子对犯罪行为不予理会。 专家们强调,童婚、早婚和强迫婚姻不能以宗教或文化为由进行辩护。他们强调,根据国际法,如果受害者是未满18岁的儿童,女孩同意与否无关紧要。 专家们表示,女性选择配偶和自由结婚的权利对其作为一个人的生活、尊严和平等至关重要,必须受到法律的保护和维护。 他们强调,在考虑妇女和女孩切身利益的基础上,需要制定条款,使在胁迫下缔结的婚姻无效、废止或解除,确保受害者获得司法救助、补救、保护和适当援助。 严格执行专家们指出,巴基斯坦当局必须制定并严格执行法律,确保只有在有意向结婚的配偶自愿和完全同意的情况下才能结婚,并将最低结婚年龄提高到18岁,包括女孩在内。 声明强调:“所有妇女和女孩都必须不受歧视地受到对待,包括那些属于基督教和印度教社区或具有其他宗教和信仰的妇女和女孩。” 他们敦促巴基斯坦将肇事者绳之以法,执行针对儿童、早婚和强迫婚姻、绑架和贩运少数族裔女孩的现有法律保护,并维护该国的国际人权义务。 特别报告员和工作组是人权理事会特别程序的一部分。特别程序是联合国人权系统中最大的独立专家机构,是人权理事会独立实况调查和监测机制的总称,负责处理具体国家的情况或世界各地的专题问题。特别程序专家在自愿的基础上工作。他们不是联合国工作人员,也不在联合国领取薪水。他们独立于任何政府或组织,以个人身份为联合国服务。 URL:https://news.un.org/zh/story/2024/04/1127936
秘书长特别代表:冲突地区儿童无法获得人道主义援助问题造成严重后果 2024-04-15 联合国负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表比西尼娅•甘巴(Virginia Gamba)今天在安理会呼吁所有各方允许、并为安全、及时和不受阻碍的人道主义准入以及儿童获得服务、援助和保护提供便利,并确保人道主义人员和资产的安全和保障。她强调,必须根据国际人道法保护平民和民用基础设施,包括医院、学校及其人员。 甘巴在就消除儿童无法获得人道主义援助的后果的议题向安理会成员做情况通报时表示,公然无视国际人道法的情况继续增加。即将发布的2024年报告收集的数据显示,我们有望见证全球拒绝人道主义准入事件的惊人增长。 情况恶化甘巴表示,在全球范围内,由于通过限制性法律、行政法令和条例,并加强对人道主义工作和工作人员的控制,儿童无法获得人道主义援助的情况在恶化。2022年,巴勒斯坦被占领土、也门、阿富汗和马里所核实案件的数字最高。她表示,一些局势涉及高度的任意阻碍或完全拒绝向儿童提供人道主义援助,包括在巴勒斯坦被占领土和海地等地。她指出,当阻止儿童获得拯救生命的援助威胁到他们的生存并对他们的成长和发展产生负面影响时,所有各方都应承担责任和问责。甘巴特别敦促各方不要将学校和医院用于军事目的。 甘巴表示,拒绝人道主义准入对儿童的福祉和发展会造成长期影响,并可能导致侵犯他们的基本人权,包括生命权、受教育权和能达到的最高健康标准权。 她重申,如果冲突各方不允许安全、充分和不受阻碍地及时提供人道主义援助,儿童的生存、福祉和发展就会受到威胁。 加沙、苏丹、缅甸儿童流离失所严重联合国儿童基金会副执行主任泰德·柴班(Ted Chaiban)在安理会发言表示,去年10月他曾对加沙进行了访问。他在今年1月再度访问该地时目睹了儿童状况的急剧恶化。对后勤基础设施的广泛破坏、对加沙北部的准封锁、一再拒绝或拖延人道主义车队通行、燃料短缺以及电力和电信中断对儿童造成了灾难性影响。 柴班表示,儿童无法获得适合其年龄的营养食品或医疗服务,每天的饮水量不足2至3升水。今年3月,儿基会报告说,在加沙地带北部,三分之一的两岁以下儿童患有急性营养不良,这一数字在过去两个月中增加了一倍多。据报道,最近几周,加沙地带北部有数十名儿童死于营养不良和脱水,一半人口面临灾难性的粮食不安全。 柴班指出,苏丹正在发生世界上最严重的儿童流离失所危机,暴力和公然无视允许运送对保护儿童免受冲突影响的人道主义援助的许可,大大加剧了他们的痛苦。在缅甸,冲突加剧和对人道主义准入的限制大幅增加阻碍了关键的人道主义援助,儿基会合作伙伴不得不转移或推迟计划中的救生措施,以确保一些地区工作人员的安全。随着该国进入旱季高峰期,获得安全饮用水对本已处于困境中的人口来说是一个重大挑战,其中包括600万需要人道主义援助的儿童,许多人生活在难以到达的地区。 柴班强调,无法获得人道主义服务造成更大的脆弱性,并增加其他侵犯儿童权利的行为。儿童首当其冲,并将承受最持久的人道主义后果。各方有法律和道德责任确保儿童获得人道主义服务。 URL:https://news.un.org/zh/story/2024/04/1127771
人权高专呼吁推进“未尽议程”,保护妇女的性和生殖健康权利 2023-11-02 纪念国际人口与发展会议三十周年的活动今天在日内瓦举行。联合国人权事务高级专员蒂尔克在活动上指出,促进妇女的性和生殖健康权利是一项“未尽议程”,他呼吁在这一问题上取得进展。三十年前,各国齐聚埃及开罗,参加这场具有里程碑意义的会议,并一致通过了一项行动纲领,承诺必须要让妇女和女孩有权对自己的生命、身体和未来做出决定。蒂尔克对过去三十年来取得的“飞跃”表示赞赏。其中包括孕期死亡人数减少,以及在医疗、教育和社会服务方面进行“大量投资”。而且许多人也活得更长、更健康。但他强调,“这是一项未尽的议程,在进步的同时,我们也看到了倒退”。对性别平等的冲击蒂尔克指出,行动纲领所载原则在世界许多地区的执行情况“参差不齐”。他警告,“性别平等遭受的冲击正在扩大”:妇女和女孩在家中选择自身未来或角色的自主权被剥夺,她们的声音也受到压制。他说:“正是有害的大男子主义和厌女情绪激起了仇恨,并使之正常化。”不仅如此,新冠疫情、冲突和经济衰退也对妇女和女孩造成了不成比例的影响。而与此同时,“在冲突或灾难期间,婴儿并不会停止出生,女性仍然会受孕”。危机中的孕产妇当前,加沙大约有五万名孕妇,但那里的医疗服务目前正受到攻击。本月发生在阿富汗西部的地震也使那里的孕妇更加脆弱,而乌克兰的妇女和女孩仍然需要获得能够挽救生命的性和生殖健康服务。此外,在68个国家当中,估计有44%的已婚或有伴侣的妇女没有能力在性关系、避孕药具的使用和医疗保健方面做出自己的决定。蒂尔克强调,“在不受歧视、胁迫和暴力的情况下,妇女有权决定是否以及何时生孩子、生几个孩子、和谁生孩子,这一权利需要得到保障”。他说:“降低孕产妇死亡率的进展在过去十年中停滞不前,这让人们看到了问题的严重性。每隔两分钟,就会有一名妇女因妊娠和分娩的并发症而死亡。”获取安全堕胎服务蒂尔克还认为,在谈到女性对自己的身体和生活做出自主选择的能力时,也许“没有比获取安全堕胎服务更具争议性的问题了”。他指出,全球每年大约有3300万例不安全堕胎,这是导致孕产妇死亡的主要原因之一。他欢迎许多国家在过去五年中采取行动为立法松绑,包括将堕胎去罪化、为去罪化扩大法律依据,或者消除获取相关服务的障碍。信守承诺蒂尔克表示,在全球范围内,各种人权的倒退情况正在加速,这使得各国偏离了实现可持续发展和《国际人口与发展会议行动纲领》的轨道,“但现在改正还不算太晚”。人权高专办正在与各国合作,加大努力实现“人权经济”,将人和地球置于所有政策、计划与方案的核心。蒂尔克说:“为了改善生活、拯救生命,我们需要确保三十年前在开罗承诺的基本原则得到遵守。这些原则适用于所有妇女和女孩,无关乎她们的年龄、移民身份或任何其他因素。”他还列举了妇女和女孩所需要的保障:全面的性教育;获得包括紧急避孕在内的现代避孕手段;获得优质的性和生殖健康服务,包括安全和及时的堕胎服务,以及孕产妇和新生儿护理;做出自主选择的自由。
人权专家: 隐私保护是人工智能处理个人数据的关键 2023-10-17 联合国隐私权问题特别报告员努格蕾蕾斯(Ana Brian Nougrères)日前在向联合国大会提交的一份报告中指出,透明度不仅有助于建立人工智能的可靠性以及人们对这项技术的信任,还有助于促进和保护隐私权。 报告强调,在使用人工智能处理个人数据时,必须遵守透明度和可解释性原则。人工智能在所有活动以及事关人的决策中无所不在,因此需要对相关问题进行审视,并采取措施确保以合乎伦理、负责任且符合人权的方式来使用人工智能。 透明度和可解释性努格蕾蕾斯说:“透明度和可解释性使受到人工智能影响的个人能够及时、全面、清晰地了解人工智能进程中使用其个人信息的基本问题,以及其背后的具体原因可能带来的后果。” 她具体指出,透明度要求在使用人工智能做出决定时体现出清晰、真实、公正和公开,可解释性则是基于个人数据做出事关人类决定的逻辑、方法和推理原则所在。 她还说:“透明度和可解释性与模糊、欺骗和滥用计算能力截然相对,后者正是非法与不道德运算的一些表现,反映出对隐私和尊严缺乏尊重。” 保障隐私权努格蕾蕾斯强调,“尊重基本权利和自由,同时降低滥用个人信息的风险,对于保障隐私权至关重要。” 她敦促各国促进遵循伦理的实践,确保人工智能的透明度,以降低其社会风险。各国应将可解释性原则纳入国家立法,为公民提供在处理个人数据时捍卫人权的工具,使公民在面对使用人工智能工具或技术做出的决定时,享有正当程序权和辩护权。 努格蕾蕾斯最后说:“最重要的是,各国必须支持并促进教育和数字扫盲,使公民能够更好地理解与人工智能和隐私有关的概念。” 人权专家来自乌拉圭的安娜·布里安·努格蕾蕾斯(Ana Brian Nougrères)博士是人权理事会任命的隐私权特别报告员。她于2021年8月1日上任。她是蒙得维的亚大学工程学院法律、隐私和信息与通信技术教授,以及蒙得维的亚共和国大学法学院法律、数据保护和信息与通信技术教授。她还是一名执业律师和数据保护顾问。 特别报告员是人权理事会特别程序的一部分。特别程序是联合国人权系统中最大的独立专家机构,是人权理事会独立的实况调查和监督机制的总称,负责处理世界各地的具体国别状况或专题问题。特别程序的专家在自愿的基础上工作,他们不是联合国工作人员,独立于任何政府或组织。他们以个人身份行使职责,不因其工作收到酬劳。 URL:https://news.un.org/zh/story/2023/10/1123027 